After these things ( μετα ταυτα ). Change in the panorama, not chronology (7:1,9; 15:5; 18:1; 19:1). This vision is of heaven, not of earth as was true of chapters Re 1; 2. The first vision of Christ and the messages to the seven churches began in 1:12f. This new vision of the throne in heaven (4:1-11) succeeds that to which it here alludes.

I saw ( ειδον ). Second aorist active indicative of  οραω.

Behold ( ιδου ). Exclamation of vivid emotion as John looked. No effect on the structure and nominative case  θυρα (door) follows it.

Opened ( ηνεωιγμενη ). Perfect (triple reduplication) passive participle of  ανοιγω as in 3:8 (door of opportunity) and 3:20 (door of the heart), here the door of revelation (Swete).

In heaven ( εν τω ουρανω ). As in Eze 1:1; Mr 1:10; Joh 1:51. In Revelation always in singular except 12:12.

The first ( η πρωτη ). Reference is to 1:10.

Speaking ( λαλουσης ). From  λαλεω, rather  λεγουσης of 1:10 from  λεγω, both agreeing with  σαλπιγγος (trumpet).

Saying ( λεγων ). Present active participle of  λεγω repeating the idea of  λαλουσης, but in the nominative masculine singular construed with  φωνη (feminine singular), construction according to sense because of the person behind the voice as in 11:15; 19:14.

Come up ( αναβα ). Short Koine form for  αναβηθ (second aorist active imperative second person singular of  αναβαινω ).

Hither ( ωδε ). Originally "here," but vernacular use (Joh 6:25; 10:27).

I will show ( δειξω ). Future active of  δεικνυμ in same sense in 1:1.

Hereafter ( μετα ταυτα ). Some editors (Westcott and Hort) connect these words with the beginning of verse 2.

Straightway I was in the Spirit ( ευθεως εγενομην εν πνευματ ). But John had already "come to be in the Spirit" (1:10, the very same phrase). Perhaps here effective aorist middle indicative while ingressive aorist in 1:10 (sequel or result, not entrance), "At once I found myself in the Spirit" (Swete), not "I came to be in the Spirit" as in 1:10.

Was set ( εκειτο ). Imperfect middle of  κειμα, old verb, used as passive of  τιθημ. As the vision opens John sees the throne already in place as the first thing in heaven. This bold imagery comes chiefly from 1Ki 22:19; Isa 6:1ff.; Eze 1:26-28; Da 7:9f. One should not forget that this language is glorious imagery, not actual objects in heaven. God is spirit. The picture of God on the throne is common in the O.T. and the N.T. (Mt 5:34f.; 23:22; Heb 1:3 and in nearly every chapter in the Revelation, 1:4, etc.). The use of  καθημενος (sitting) for the name of God is like the Hebrew avoidance of the name Jahweh and is distinguished from the Son in 6:16; 7:10.

Upon the throne ( επ τον θρονον ).  Επ with the accusative, as in 4:4; 6:2,4f.; 11:16; 20:4, but in verses 9,10, 4:1,7,13; 6:16; 7:15 we have  επ του θρονου (genitive), while in 7:10; 19:14; 21:5 we have  επ τω θρονω (locative) with no great distinction in the resultant idea.

To look upon ( ορασε ). Locative case of  ορασις, old word (from  οραω, to see) for appearance (in appearance) as in Eze 1:5,26.

Like a jasper stone ( ομοιος ιασπιδ ). Associative-instrumental case of  ιασπις, old word (Persian), used for stones of different colors, one opaque like opal, one translucent (21:11,18f., possibly here, only N.T. examples), one a red or yellow stone (Isa 54:12). Some even take it for the diamond. Certainly not our cheap modern jasper.

A sardius ( σαρδιω ). Old word, in N.T. only here and 21:20. The carnelian or other red stone, derived from Sardis (Pliny).

Rainbow ( ιρις ). Old word, in N.T. only here and 10:1. From Eze 1:28.

An emerald ( σμαραγδινω ). Adjective (from  σμαραγδος, Re 21:19), of emerald (supply  λιθω ), in associative instrumental case after  ομοιος. John sees no form for God (Ex 24:10), but only the brilliant flashing gems. "In the vision the flashing lustre of the  ιασπις and the fiery red of the  σαρδ are relieved by the halo ( ιρις ) of emerald which encircled the Throne" (Swete). A complete circle.

Round about the throne ( κυκλοθεν του θρονου ). Here as a preposition with the genitive, though only adverb in 4:8 (only N.T. examples save Textus Rec. in 5:11).

Four and twenty thrones ( θρονο εικοσ τεσσαρες ). So P Q, but Aleph A have accusative  θρονους (supply  ειδον from 4:1) and  τεσσαρες (late accusative in  -ες ). This further circle of thrones beyond the great throne.

I saw four and twenty elders ( εικοσ τεσσαρας πρεσβυτερους ). No  ειδον in the text, but the accusative case calls for it. Twenty-four as a symbolic number occurs only in this book and only for these elders (4:4,10; 5:8; 11:16; 19:4). We do not really know why this number is chosen, perhaps two elders for each tribe, perhaps the twelve tribes and the twelve apostles (Judaism and Christianity), perhaps the twenty-four courses of the sons of Aaron (1Ch 24:1-19), perhaps some angelic rank (Col 1:16) of which we know nothing. Cf. Eph 2:6.

Sitting ( καθημενους ). Upon their thrones.

Arrayed ( περιβεβλημενους ). Perfect passive participle of  περιβαλλω (to throw around).

In white garments ( ιματιοις λευκοις ). Locative case here as in 3:5 (with  εν ), though accusative in 7:9,13.

Crowns of gold ( στεφανους χρυσους ). Accusative case again like  πρεσβυτερους after  ειδον (4:1), not  ιδου. In 19:14  εχων (having) is added. John uses  διαδημα (diadem) for the kingly crown in 12:3; 13:1; 19:12, but it is not certain that the old distinction between  διαδεμ as the kingly crown and  στεφανος as the victor's wreath is always observed in late Greek.

Out of the throne ( εκ του θρονου ). Back to the throne itself. The imagery is kin to that in Ex 19:16; 24:9f.; Eze 1:22,27.

Proceed ( εκπορευοντα ). Graphic historical present.

Lightnings and voices and thunders ( αστραπα κα φωνα κα βροντα ). So exactly in 11:19; 16:18, but in 8:5 with  βροντα first,  αστραπα last, all old and common words. "The thunderstorm is in Hebrew poetry a familiar symbol of the Divine power: cf., e.g., 1Sa 2:10; Ps 18:9f.; Job 37:4f." (Swete).

Seven lamps of fire ( επτα λαμπαδες πυρος ). Return to the nominative ( ιδου, not  ειδον ) with  ησαν (were) understood. Metaphor drawn from Eze 1:13; Zec 4:12ff. Our word "lamp," but here a torch as in 8:10, identified with the Holy Spirit (the Seven Spirits of God) as in 1:4; 3:1, not  λυχνια (lampstands) as in 1:12,20, nor  λυχνος a hand-lamp with oil (Mt 5:15). "These torches blaze perpetually before the throne of God" (Swete).

As it were a glassy sea ( ως θαλασσα υαλινη ). Old adjective (from  υαλος, glass, 21:18,21), in N.T. only here and 15:2. Possibly from  υε (it rains), like a raindrop. At any rate here it is the appearance, not the material. Glass was made in Egypt 4,000 years ago. In Ex 24:10 the elders see under the feet of God in the theophany a paved work of sapphire stone (cf. Eze 1:26). The likeness of the appearance of sky to sea suggests the metaphor here (Beckwith).

Like crystal ( ομοια κρυσταλλω ). Associative-instrumental case after  ομοια. Old word, from  κρυος (ice and sometimes used for ice), in N.T. only here and 22:1, not semi-opaque, but clear like rock-crystal.

In the midst of the throne ( εν μεσω του θρονου ). As one looks from the front, really before.

Round about the throne ( κυκλω του θρονου ). Merely an adverb in the locative case (Ro 15:19), as a preposition in N.T. only here, 5:11; 7:11. This seems to mean that on each of the four sides of the throne was one of the four living creatures either stationary or moving rapidly round (Eze 1:12f.).

Four living creatures ( τεσσερα ζωα ). Not  θηρια (beasts), but living creatures. Certainly kin to the  ζωα of Eze 1; 2 which are cherubim (Eze 10:2,20), though here the details vary as to faces and wings with a significance of John's own, probably representing creation in contrast with the redeemed (the elders).

Full of eyes ( γεμοντα οφθαλμων ). Present active participle of  γεμω, to be full of, with the genitive, signifying here unlimited intelligence (Beckwith), the ceaseless vigilance of nature (Swete).

Like a lion ( ομοιον λεοντ ). Associative-instrumental case again. In Eze (1:6,10) each  ζωον has four faces, but here each has a different face. "The four forms represent whatever is noblest, strongest, wisest, and swiftest in nature" (Swete). But it is not necessary to try to find a symbolism in each face here like the early baseless identification with the Four Evangelists (the lion for Mark, the man for Matthew, the calf for Luke, the eagle for John).  Μοσχος is first a sprout, then the young of animals, then a calf (bullock or heifer) as in Lu 15:23, 27,30, or a full-grown ox (Eze 1:10).

Had ( εχων ). Masculine singular (some MSS.  εχον neuter singular agreeing with  ζωον ) present active participle of  εχω, changing the construction with the  τριτον ζωον almost like a finite verb as in verse 8.

A face as of a man ( προσωπον ως ανθρωπου ). Shows that the likeness in each instance extended only to the face.

Like an eagle flying ( ομοιον αετω πετομενω ). Present middle participle of  πετομα, to fly, old verb, in N.T. only in Re 4:7; 8:13; 12:14; 14:6; 19:17. The  αετος in Mt 24:28; Lu 17:37 may be a form of vulture going after carrion, but not in Re 8:13; 12:14.

Each one of them ( εν καθ' εν αυτων ). "One by one of them," a vernacular idiom like  εις κατα εις in Mr 14:19.

Having ( εχων ). Masculine participle again as in verse 7, though  ζωον neuter.

Six wings ( ανα πτερυγας εξ ). Distributive use of  ανα, "six wings apiece" as in Lu 10:1 ( ανα δυο, by twos). Like Isa 6:2, not like Eze 1:6, where only four wings are given apiece.

Are full of ( γεμουσιν ). Plural verb, though  ζωα neuter, to individualize each one.

Round about and within ( κυκλοθεν κα εσωθεν ). Perhaps before and behind (4:6) and under the wings, "pointing to the secret energies of nature" (Swete).

Rest ( αναπαυσιν ). See also 14:11. Old word (from  αναπαυω, to relax), as in Mt 11:29. God and Christ cease not their activity (Joh 5:17). "This ceaseless activity of nature under the hand of God is a ceaseless tribute of praise" (Swete).

Day and night ( ημερας κα νυκτος ). Genitive of time, by day and by night.

Holy, holy, holy ( αγιοσ, αγιοσ, αγιος ). "The task of the Cherubim together with the Seraphim and Ophannim is to sing the praises of God" (Charles) in the  τρισαγιον (triple repetition of  αγιος ).

Is the Lord God ( Κυριος ο θεος ). See Isa 6:3. The copula  εστιν (is) is not expressed, but is implied.

The Almighty ( ο παντοκρατωρ ). See on 1:8.

Which was and which is and which is to come ( ο ην κα ο ων κα ο ερχομενος ). Just as in 1:4,8, but with the order changed.

When the living creatures shall give ( οταν δωσουσιν τα ζωα ). Indefinite temporal clause with  οταν and the future active indicative ( δωσουσιν ) rather than the more common second aorist active subjunctive ( δωσιν ) with the notion of repetition rather than unbroken continuance, "whenever they give." The giving of praise and glory to God by the four living creatures (representatives of nature) is met by corresponding worship by the redeemed (the four and twenty elders). "Created life adores the Uncreated" (Swete), "to the one living for ages of ages."

Shall fall down ( πεσουντα, future middle of  πιπτω ),

shall worship ( προσκυνησουσιν, future active of  προσκυνεω ),

shall cast their crowns ( βαλουσιν τους στεφανους, future active of  βαλλω ). The two actions by the two groups (living creatures, elders) are coordinated (simultaneous in the repetition). They thus acknowledge that all this kingly dignity comes from God, who is King of kings and Lord of lords. Charles takes the elders, however, to be angels, not redeemed men.

Our Lord and our God ( ο κυριος κα ο θεος ημων ). The nominative form here used as vocative as in Joh 20:28 and often.

To receive ( λαβειν ). Epexegetic second aorist active infinitive of  λαμβανω with  αξιος (worthy).

The glory ( την δοξαν ). The article referring to  δοξαν in verse 9 and so with  την τιμην (the honour), though  την δυναμιν (the power) is not in verse 9, but is the power due to be ascribed to God.

Thou didst create ( συ εκτισας ). Emphasis on  συ (thou), first aorist active indicative of  κτιζω, the verb used about the act of creation by Paul in Col 1:16 ( εκτισθη, εκτιστα ), constative aorist giving a summary picture of the whole (not as a process).

Because of thy will ( δια το θελημα σου ). Reason for creation of the universe as in Heb 2:10 ( δι' ον ).

They were ( ησαν ). Imperfect tense with a cursory glance at the universe as a fact, possibly a potential existence in God's purpose in the eternal past before the actual creation in time.

And were created ( κα εκτισθησαν ). First aorist passive indicative of the same verb,  κτιζω, just used and in the plural, while Paul (Col 1:16) uses the singular  εκτισθη. See 1Co 8:6. God's will wrought through the Logos (Christ).